Civilisations have engaged in espionage since biblical times — but the ethics of spying remain as murky as ever

A definitive guide to cryptography in a world where hackers can track our every move

Sensitive data exposed by deep flaws at the heart of the interconnected global digital economy

US president and German chancellor clash over immigration, trade and Nato

US Navy veteran accused of taking details of cyber weapons

Oliver Stone’s film about Edward Snowden is expertly made but somewhat uncritical

FBI charges man over theft of classified information in alleged security breach

The full interview with the US whistleblower in a Moscow hotel room

The world’s most famous whistleblower has room service with Alan Rusbridger in a Moscow hotel to talk about the ‘surveillance free-for-all’ — and the possible role of a Rubik’s Cube in his spiriting away of the NSA files

An online ‘auction’ signals a build-up of tension between Russia and America

‘Proven operational case’ for tapping communications data adds support to ‘snoppers’ charter’

Legislation to boost intelligence co-operation in wake of Snowden leaks

James Graham’s play explores the implications of our addiction to smartphones and the internet

Mike Bartlett’s play about secrets and power reaches a dazzling conclusion

China’s tech sector is hard for foreign companies to crack

Electronic surveillance agency continues efforts to win over public after Snowden revelations

Release of documents reverberates from Putin’s inner circle to Iceland and Fifa

Lack of intelligence gathering and poor policing as critical as EU co-operation, say analysts

Both sides make case before Congress in iPhone row