The controversy that for many years surrounded an Indonesian gold and copper mine operated by Freeport-McMoRan highlights many of the thorny issues faced by the mining industry. With millions of tons of debris generated by the Papua mine, Freeport has frequently been criticised by environmental campaigners.

But another aspect of the mine - the fate of local communities after its eventual closure - is also proving hard for many mining companies to resolve. Not far from Freeport's Papua pits, for example, the once tiny village of Timika is now a small city.