These are the glory days of the financial markets. They are bigger, richer and more powerful than they have ever been. Yet it is that very position at the heart of global economic life that makes this year’s credit squeeze a threat. Already, fairly or unfairly, a pantomime cast of predatory lenders, bankrupt bankers and teenage money managers has been lined up to take the blame. There are calls – some justified – for stricter regulation of financial markets. But before writing new rules, we should remember the financial world of 40 years ago, and where liberalisation has got us.

In the US 40 years ago, commercial banking and securities trading were strictly separated by the Glass-Steagall Act, and banks were unable to expand across state boundaries. On Wall Street and in the City of London, there were fixed commissions for share trades, and a closed circle of underwriting banks. Home mortgages came from building societies or a savings and loan and there was little competition on interest rates. Banks held a lot of reserves, but before the first Basel agreement on capital adequacy, reserves often bore little relation to a bank’s risk. Exchange rates were fixed under the Bretton Woods regime and the international mobility of capital was restricted.