Daniel Eisner, a junior at the University of Missouri, started looking for work in late May, when he arrived in Atlanta for his unpaid internship with Turner Sports. He applied for the usual summer jobs at places such as Jason’s Deli, Smoothie King and Champs Sports.

“I was looking for a little spending money,” said Mr Eisner, 20. The businesses said they would call if they needed anyone. “I never got any phone calls.”